2022年3月10日 星期四

Leftists Replacing Right-Wing Leaders Across Latin America 對現狀不滿 拉美向左轉


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2022/03/11 第373期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Leftists Replacing Right-Wing Leaders Across Latin America 對現狀不滿 拉美向左轉
How European Royals Once Shared Their Most Important Secrets 歐洲王室曾用這招 分享最重要的祕密
紐時周報精選
 
Leftists Replacing Right-Wing Leaders Across Latin America 對現狀不滿 拉美向左轉
文/Ernesto Londoño, Julie
譯/李京倫

對現狀不滿 拉美向左轉

In the final weeks of 2021, Chile and Honduras voted decisively for leftist presidents to replace leaders on the right, extending a significant, multiyear shift across Latin America.

2021年最後幾周,智利與宏都拉斯以決定性票數選出左派總統取代右派領袖,延續了多年來拉丁美洲各地的一個重大轉變。

This year, leftist politicians are the favorites to win presidential elections in Colombia and Brazil, taking over from right-wing incumbents, which would put the left and center-left in power in the six largest economies in the region, stretching from Tijuana to Tierra del Fuego.

今年,哥倫比亞和巴西的左派政治人物最可能贏得總統大選,取代右翼現任者,這將使左派和中間偏左勢力在這個區域六個最大經濟體掌權,這區域從墨西哥提華納市一直延伸到南美洲最南端火地群島。

Economic suffering, widening inequality, fervent anti-incumbent sentiment and mismanagement of COVID-19 have all fueled a pendulum swing away from the center-right and right-wing leaders who were dominant a few years ago.

經濟欠佳、不平等擴大、反對現任者情緒高漲和政府對疫情處理失當,全都促使鐘擺從幾年前主導政壇的中間偏右和右翼領袖盪開。

The left has promised more equitable distribution of wealth, better public services and vastly expanded social safety nets. But the region's new leaders face serious economic constraints and legislative opposition that could restrict their ambitions — and restive voters who have been willing to punish whoever fails to deliver.

左派曾承諾更公平分配財富、改善公共服務和大幅擴展社會安全網。不過,這個區域的新領袖面臨嚴重的經濟限制和國會反對派,可能妨礙他們施展抱負,還有焦躁不安的選民,隨時準備懲罰沒能兌現承諾的人。

The left's gains could buoy China and undermine the United States as they compete for regional influence, analysts say, with a new crop of Latin American leaders who are desperate for economic development and more open to Beijing's global strategy of offering loans and infrastructure investment. The change could also make it harder for the United States to continue isolating authoritarian leftist regimes in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Cuba.

分析家說,中國大陸和美國爭奪區域影響力之際,左派得勢可能有利大陸而損害美國利益,因新一批拉美領袖非常需要經濟發展,且更願意接受北京向全球提供貸款和基礎設施資金的策略。這種轉變也可能讓美國更難繼續孤立委內瑞拉、尼加拉瓜和古巴的左派專制政權。

With rising inflation and stagnant economies, Latin America's new leaders will find it hard to deliver real change on profound problems, said Pedro Mendes Loureiro, a professor of Latin American studies at the University of Cambridge. To some extent, he said, voters are "electing the left simply because it is the opposition at the moment."

英國劍橋大學拉美研究教授洛雷羅說,由於通膨不斷上升和經濟停滯,拉美新領袖很難在深層問題上實現真正變革。他說,在某種程度上,選民「選出左派,只因為那是當前的反對派」。

Unlike the early 2000s, when leftists won critical presidencies in Latin America, the new officeholders are saddled by debt, lean budgets, scant access to credit and, in many cases, vociferous opposition.

不像2000年代初期贏得拉美重要國家總統職位的左派,新一批領袖面臨負債累累、預算不寬裕、很難拿到信貸,而且在很多情況下,還面對吵吵嚷嚷的反對派。

Eric Hershberg, director of the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University, said the left's winning streak is born out of widespread indignation.

美利堅大學拉美與拉丁裔研究中心主任赫許柏格說,左派勝利源自人民的憤慨。

"This is really about lower-middle-class and working-class sectors saying, 'Thirty years into democracy, and we still have to ride a decrepit bus for two hours to get to a bad health clinic,'"Hershberg said.

赫許柏格說:「就如中下階級和勞動階級地區所說,『民主30年,我們還得搭破舊公車兩小時才能到一家爛診所』。」

 
How European Royals Once Shared Their Most Important Secrets 歐洲王室曾用這招 分享最重要的祕密
文/William J. Broad
譯/李京倫

歐洲王室曾用這招 分享最重要的祕密

To safeguard the most important royal correspondence against snoops and spies in the 16th century, writers employed a complicated means of security. They'd fold the letter, then cut a dangling strip, using that as an improvised thread to sew stitches that locked the letter and turned the flat writing paper into its own envelope. To get inside, a spy would have to snip the lock open, an act impossible to go undetected.

16世紀時,為了不讓王室最重要的信件被刺探和偷窺,寫信的人會用一種複雜的方式維護隱私。他們會把信件摺起來,接著從信紙上切出一段長條形,但沒完全切斷,把這段長條紙作為臨時的線,縫幾針把信件鎖上,並將平平的信紙變成它自己的信封。想窺視的人若要看到內容,必須把這個鎖剪斷,這個動作不可能不引起注意。

Catherine de' Medici used the method in 1570 — a time she governed France while her ill son, King Charles IX, sat on its throne. Queen Elizabeth I did so in 1573 as the sovereign ruler of England and Ireland. And Mary Queen of Scots used it in 1587 just hours before her long effort to unite Britain ended in her beheading.

凱薩琳.德.麥地奇1570年用過這個方法,當時她因為在位的兒子查理九世病弱而統治法國。英格蘭和愛爾蘭女王伊麗莎白一世1573年也用過。蘇格蘭人的女王瑪麗則在1587年用過,就在她統一英國的長期努力以她被斬首而告終的幾小時前。

"These people knew more than one way to send a letter, and they chose this one," said Jana Dambrogio, lead author of a study that details Renaissance-era politicians' use of the technique, and a conservator at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries. "You had to be highly confident to make a spiral lock. If you made a mistake, you'd have to start all over, which could take hours of rewriting and restitching. It's fascinating. They took great pains to build up their security."

賈娜.丹布羅吉歐是描述文藝復興時代政治人物如何使用這種方法的一份研究報告第一作者,也是美國麻省理工學院圖書館的文物管理員。她說:「這些人知道不只一種送信方法,而他們選擇了這種。你必須非常有把握,才能做出螺旋鎖。只要出了一個錯,你就得重來,花幾小時重寫和重新縫上。這非常有趣。他們煞費苦心做好防護。」

Disclosure of the method's wide use among European royalty is the latest venture of a group of scholars, centered at MIT, into a vanished art they call letterlocking — an early form of communications security that they're busy resurrecting. Early last year, they reported their development of a virtual-reality technique that let them peer into locked letters without tearing them apart and damaging the historical record.

揭露歐洲王室普遍使用這種方法,是一批集中於麻省理工學院學者的最新冒險,想探究他們稱為「鎖信」的消失藝術,專注於讓這種維護通訊安全的初期形式重見天日。去年初,他們宣布在一種虛擬實境技術上取得進展,能細看鎖上的信件內容,無須拆信破壞歷史紀錄。

Now, in a detailed article that appeared last December in the Electronic British Library Journal, the scholars lay out their expanding universe of discoveries and questions. They showcase instances of spiral letterlocking among the queens and posit that the method "spread across European courts through royal correspondence."

如今,在去年12月發表於「英國圖書館電子期刊」的一篇詳細文章中,這批學者鋪陳他們衍生關聯的科學發現和問題。他們展示了幾位女王螺旋形鎖信的例子,並且假想這種方法「透過王室之間的通訊傳到歐洲各地宮廷」。

Although the use of locked letters faded in the 1830s with the emergence of mass-produced envelopes and improved systems of mail delivery, it's now seen as a fascinating precursor to the widespread encryption used globally in electronic communications.

鎖信做法雖然在1830年代因量產信封出現和郵遞系統改善而式微,但現在被認為是全球電子通訊普遍所用加密技術的極有趣先驅。

 
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