2021年6月18日 星期五

紐時賞析/美國大學生活因疫情縮水 失去很多收獲卻也意外不少


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讀紐時學英文
2021/06/18 第338期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 How Do Animals Safely Cross a Highway? 動物們如何安全穿越公路?
In a Dark Year on Campus, Some Surprising Glimmers of Light 大學生活因疫情縮水 有得有失
紐時周報精選
 
How Do Animals Safely Cross a Highway? 動物們如何安全穿越公路?
文/Catrin Einhorn
譯/莊蕙嘉 核稿/樂慧生

動物們如何安全穿越公路?

The engineers were used to building overpasses for vehicles, not wildlife. But every spring and fall, collisions with mule deer and pronghorn spiked in the Pinedale region of Wyoming, where Route 191 disrupted their age-old migration paths. So the state Department of Transportation joined with the state wildlife agency and nonprofit groups to create a series of crossings. Collisions have dropped by roughly 90%.

工程師慣常為車輛建造高架道路,而非動物。但是每年春季和秋季,美國懷俄明州派恩戴爾地區車輛與騾鹿和叉角羚碰撞事故激增,當地191號公路截斷了牠們長久以來的遷徙路線。因此懷州運輸部和野生動物局及非營利團體合作,打造了一系列穿越道,碰撞事故約減少了九成。

"It felt like we finally found something that works," said Jennifer Hoffman, an engineer at the Wyoming Department of Transportation. "People are pretty hesitant to do something new. Once you've done it, and it does what you said it would do, they're willing to do it more."

「感覺像是我們終於找到了有用的方法。」懷州運輸部工程師珍妮佛•霍夫曼說,「人們對做新事常很猶豫,一旦做了而且效果一如預期,人們就更願意去做。」

Examples like that, along with earlier success stories from Canada and Europe, have led to a broad consensus on the value of animal crossings, according to environmentalists and transportation officials alike.

環保人士和運輸官員都表示,前述例子加上早前加拿大和歐洲的成功事例,匯集成對動物穿越道之價值的廣泛共識。

"This is the time of the wildlife crossing," said Mike Leahy, director of wildlife, hunting and fishing policy at the National Wildlife Federation. "This issue has been building for decades, and it was like pulling teeth. And now everyone who works on these issues seems to get it."

「這是野生動物穿越道的時代。」全國野生動物協會野生動物、狩獵及釣魚政策主任麥克.李伊說,「這個議題已發展數十年,相當艱難,現在為這些議題努力的所有人似乎都弄清楚了。」

Research shows that, across the country, there are 1 to 2 million collisions between vehicles and large animals each year. These accidents cause more than 26,000 human injuries and about 200 human deaths.

研究顯示,全美每年車輛和大型動物碰撞事故有100萬至200萬件,造成超過2萬6千人受傷,約200人死亡。

Funding for crossings is a challenge, but that may get easier, too: A bipartisan Senate version of the transportation bill being hammered out in Congress includes $350 million for wildlife crossings and corridors.

為穿越道籌資是項挑戰,不過也可能變得更容易些,一項參議院跨黨派版本的運輸法案正在國會審議協調,列有3.5億美元建造野生動物穿越道及廊道的經費。

While transportation officials emphasize that human safety is the main motivation for these new projects, the structures do not come a moment too soon for animals. Development continues to erode wildlife habitat, disrupt migration corridors and fragment groups, leading to population collapse and unhealthy genetic isolation. Looming large is another threat: climate change. As certain species move in search of cooler, moister conditions, they will have to contend with busy roadways.

儘管運輸官員強調保障人的安全是新計畫的主要驅動力,實則這些設施對動物而言也來得正是時候。人為開發持續侵蝕野生動物棲息地,截斷遷徙廊道及分裂群體,導致族群崩解與不健康的遺傳隔離。另一項威脅也日益嚴重:氣候變遷。某些物種在遷移以尋找更涼爽、更濕潤的環境時,將碰上車流很大的道路。

There are more than 1,000 dedicated wildlife crossings in the United States today, up from just a few in the 1970s and '80s, according to Patricia Cramer, an ecologist who has studied and worked in the field for two decades. But only 10 or 20 are overpasses.

研究並投身此領域20年的生態學家派翠莎•克萊默表示,今日美國已有超過1000處野生動物專用穿越道,遠超過通道寥寥可數的1970和1980年代。

While overpasses tend to get the most attention, underpasses and tunnels are far more common.

不過目前僅有10或20處是高架通道。雖然高架通道最受注目,卻遠不及地下通道和隧道普及。

 
In a Dark Year on Campus, Some Surprising Glimmers of Light 大學生活因疫情縮水 有得有失
文/Anemona Hartocollis
陳韋廷/譯、樂慧生/核稿

大學生活因疫情縮水 有得有失

It was the year of college without the college experience.

這是大學生未能充分體驗大學生活的一年。

No packed stadiums and arenas. No intimate, small-group seminars or serendipitous encounters with strangers. No (or fewer) ill-advised nights of beer pong and partying.

沒有擠滿人的體育場館、私人小型團體研討會或是跟陌生人邂逅。愚蠢的投杯球之夜與派對也消失或是較少了。

It is not likely, if given the choice, that many college students would opt for the past year of distance, separation and perpetual wariness. Still, perhaps surprisingly, for many students, there was much that was gained as well as much that was lost in their unwanted suspension of campus life during the pandemic.

若能選擇,許多大學生不太可能選擇由社交距離、分離與永久性警戒構成的過去這一年。然而對許多學生來說,也許令人驚訝的是,疫情期間校園生活被迫叫停,失去很多,收獲卻也不少。

Madison Alvarado, who graduated from Duke last month, could no longer enjoy the camaraderie of painting herself blue and the giddy tumult of Duke basketball, which to her was as much about community as sport. As companies stopped hiring last summer, she snagged a summer internship only at the last minute and was still job-hunting this year.

上個月從杜克大學畢業的麥迪森·艾瓦多再也無法享受那種把自己塗成藍色的戰友情誼,以及杜克大學籃球隊令人嗨翻天的騷動,對她來說這不只是一種運動,也是一種社群活動。

But she is grateful for an invaluable lesson in dealing with how unpredictable life can be.

由於去年夏天企業停止了聘僱,她到最後一刻才獲得一個暑期實習機會,今年仍在找工作。

"I was the person with a plan," she said. "A lot of people are following a preset track — premed, financial analyst, Ph.D. The pandemic put that in stop mode. It's made me realize that not knowing the next step doesn't mean my world is going to crumble. I think it made me less scared to face the unknown."

她說,「我是個有計畫的人,很多人都在遵循一個預先設定的方向,像是醫科類預備課程、金融分析師、博士學位。疫情讓它進入了停止模式。這讓我了解到,不知道下一步並不代表我的世界就要崩潰了。我想這讓我不再那麼害怕面對未知。」

At the end of this most unusual of academic years, students interviewed at colleges around the country said they would not miss the regimen of virus testing and quarantining, the classes on Zoom, the zero tolerance for straying from prescribed rules, the distance they felt from one another.

在這個最不尋常的學年結束時,全國各地大學學生在受訪時表示,他們不會懷念病毒檢測和隔離規範、Zoom上的課程、對違反規定零容忍,以及他們彼此之間感覺到的距離。

"It's just been a lot of grieving almost — grieving what we could have had," said Raina Lee, a freshman at the University of North Carolina, who started the year in a dormitory but almost immediately had to move to an apartment off campus because of a COVID outbreak. "My life physically became a lot smaller, just this apartment."

北卡羅來納州大學一名新生蕾娜,李說:「簡直令人悲痛,對我們本可擁有的感到悲傷。我的生活圈變小很多,只有這間公寓。」她一開始住在宿舍,但因為新冠肺炎疾病爆發,她幾乎隨即不得不搬到校外公寓去住。

But for many it has also been a time of self-discovery. Some applied themselves to academics in a way they never would have if offered the familiar buffet of campus amusements. Some bonded with a tight group of friends. Many, like Alvarado, found that for the first time in their lives, they had been liberated from their carefully planned lives and their focus on getting the approval of others.

但對許多人來說,這也是一個自我探索的時期。有些人將自己投入到學業上,要是為他們提供了熟悉的各式各樣校園娛樂活動,他們絕無可能這樣用功。有些人跟一群親密的朋友建立了深厚的情誼。許多像艾瓦多一樣的人發現,這是他們人生中第一次從仔細規劃的生活中解放出來,不再專注於獲得他人認可。

 
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